RCL/RCR/ROL/ROR-—Rotate

Notes: * In 64-bit mode, r/m8 can not be encoded to access the following byte registers if a REX prefix is used: AH, BH, CH, DH. ** See IA-32 Architecture Compatibility section below.

Instruction Operand Encoding

Description

Shifts (rotates) the bits of the first operand (destination operand) the number of bit positions specified in the second operand (count operand) and stores the result in the destination operand. The destination operand can be a register or a memory location; the count operand is an unsigned integer that can be an immediate or a value in the CL register. In legacy and compatibility mode, the processor restricts the count to a number between 0 and 31 by masking all the bits in the count operand except the 5 least-significant bits.

The rotate left (ROL) and rotate through carry left (RCL) instructions shift all the bits toward more-significant bit positions, except for the most-significant bit, which is rotated to the least-significant bit location. The rotate right (ROR) and rotate through carry right (RCR) instructions shift all the bits toward less significant bit positions, except for the least-significant bit, which is rotated to the most-significant bit location.

The RCL and RCR instructions include the CF flag in the rotation. The RCL instruction shifts the CF flag into the least-significant bit and shifts the most-significant bit into the CF flag. The RCR instruction shifts the CF flag into the most-significant bit and shifts the least-significant bit into the CF flag. For the ROL and ROR instructions, the original value of the CF flag is not a part of the result, but the CF flag receives a copy of the bit that was shifted from one end to the other.

The OF flag is defined only for the 1-bit rotates; it is undefined in all other cases (except RCL and RCR instructions only: a zero-bit rotate does nothing, that is affects no flags). For left rotates, the OF flag is set to the exclusive OR of the CF bit (after the rotate) and the most-significant bit of the result. For right rotates, the OF flag is set to the exclusive OR of the two most-significant bits of the result.

In 64-bit mode, using a REX prefix in the form of REX.R permits access to additional registers (R8-R15). Use of REX.W promotes the first operand to 64 bits and causes the count operand to become a 6-bit counter.

IA-32 Architecture Compatibility

The 8086 does not mask the rotation count. However, all other IA-32 processors (starting with the Intel 286 processor) do mask the rotation count to 5 bits, resulting in a maximum count of 31. This masking is done in all operating modes (including the virtual-8086 mode) to reduce the maximum execution time of the instructions.

Operation

(* RCL and RCR instructions *)
SIZE ← OperandSize;
CASE (determine count) OF
  SIZE ← 8:
  SIZE ← 16:
  SIZE ← 32:
  SIZE ← 64:
ESAC;
(* RCL instruction operation *)
WHILE (tempCOUNT ≠ 0)
  DO
     tempCF ← MSB(DEST);
     DEST ← (DEST ∗ 2) + CF;
     CF ← tempCF;
     tempCOUNT ← tempCOUNT - 1;
  OD;
ELIHW;
IF COUNT = 1
  THEN OF ← MSB(DEST) XOR CF;
  ELSE OF is undefined;
FI;
(* RCR instruction operation *)
IF COUNT = 1
  THEN OF ← MSB(DEST) XOR CF;
  ELSE OF is undefined;
FI;
WHILE (tempCOUNT ≠ 0)
  DO
     tempCF ← LSB(SRC);
     DEST ← (DEST / 2) + (CF * 2SIZE);
     CF ← tempCF;
     tempCOUNT ← tempCOUNT - 1;
  OD;
(* ROL and ROR instructions *)
IF OperandSize = 64
  THEN COUNTMASK = 3FH;
  ELSE COUNTMASK = 1FH;
FI;
(* ROL instruction operation *)
tempCOUNT ← (COUNT & COUNTMASK) MOD SIZE
WHILE (tempCOUNT ≠ 0)
  DO
     tempCF ← MSB(DEST);
     DEST ← (DEST ∗ 2) + tempCF;
     tempCOUNT ← tempCOUNT - 1;
  OD;
ELIHW;
CF ← LSB(DEST);
IF (COUNT & COUNTMASK) = 1
  THEN OF ← MSB(DEST) XOR CF;
  ELSE OF is undefined;
FI;
(* ROR instruction operation *)
tempCOUNT ← (COUNT & COUNTMASK) MOD SIZE
WHILE (tempCOUNT ≠ 0)
  DO
     tempCF ← LSB(SRC);
     DEST ← (DEST / 2) + (tempCF ∗ 2SIZE);
     tempCOUNT ← tempCOUNT - 1;
  OD;
ELIHW;
CF ← MSB(DEST);
IF (COUNT & COUNTMASK) = 1
  THEN OF ← MSB(DEST) XOR MSB − 1(DEST);
  ELSE OF is undefined;
FI;

Flags Affected

The CF flag contains the value of the bit shifted into it. The OF flag is affected only for single-bit rotates (see “Description” above); it is undefined for multi-bit rotates. The SF, ZF, AF, and PF flags are not affected.

Protected Mode Exceptions

Real-Address Mode Exceptions

Virtual-8086 Mode Exceptions

Compatibility Mode Exceptions

Same exceptions as in protected mode.

64-Bit Mode Exceptions